SchellS Zero Homeless Family Strategy - 1161 Words

Background Homelessness is a societal issues caused from deinstitutionalization, mental illness, changes in the family structure, economics, violence, and personal crisis. Homelessness is not a local problem; it is a national (and international) public health crisis. Most statistics show, in fact, that there are about 8-10,000 individuals living in Seattle (King County) without shelter each and every night. This may, in fact, be a low estimate, since it is based on one night only, and does not county every area of the County (Heim, 2009). Within the Greater Seattle Area, many homeless have chronic health issues. Diabetes is common, often based on alcohol or substance abuse, and over half have some form of cardiovascular disease, 25% mental health issues. Many have developmental disabilities, and at least 10% HIV. In 2008, the records reported show that there were over 100 attacks on the homeless, almost 30 fatal, based on race, religion, or sexual orientation, causing the Seattle Cit y Council to pass a measure indicating that harassing a homeless person is a hate crime (Ten Year Plan, 2011). Part 1 - Policy Choices Seattle Mayor Paul Schell had a variety of options that were possible mitigating factors in addressing homelessness in Seattle. The King County Community Homelessness Advisory Council had already developed strategies that Scholl could use to combat the problem. For example, the City could improve maintenance, but not increase the existing shelter build-out orShow MoreRelatedPad 500 Assignment 31608 Words   |  7 PagesContents Abstract†¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦.3 Mayor Schell’s Policy Choices†¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....4 Mayor Schell’s Pre-Implementation and Design Strategies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..............5 Reengineering the Program†¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....†¦.†¦.6 Conducting Assessments.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..8 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦10 Abstract This assignment is about Mayor Paul Schell’s pledge for homeless families in Seattle, Washington. Mayor Schell on June 2, 1998 spokeRead MoreProgram Reenginerring Essay1071 Words   |  5 Pagesunemployment is on the rise. As a result of these factors, homeless has been an issue for many years. Every city and city leaders try to come up with a solution to the problem. A lot of politicians use this issue as a platform in their campaign On June 2nd, 1998, Mayor Paul Schell spoke to the press about the needs of homeless families, women and children. He asked for the City Council’s support in providing â€Å"immediate emergency assistance to homeless families and single women, a critical step in providing lastingRead MoreMayor Schells Zero Homeless Family Pledge1240 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: 2 Policy Choices: 2 Pre Implementation and Design Strategies 4 Steps Taken to Reengineer the Program 4 Importance of Conducting Assessments Prior to Implementation 5 References: 6 Abstract: The paper discusses Mayors Schells zero homeless family pledge. Mayor Schell was determined to eliminate the homelessness in Seattle when he became the mayor in 1998, to achieve his mission he and his team came up with some strategies and restructuring which are discussed in the paper. Read MoreThe Concept of Program Reengineering1198 Words   |  5 PagesAnalyze four (4) policy choices of Mayor Schell that were made as part of the strategy for the homeless. In 1998, Mayor Paul Schell spoke to the press about the needs of homeless families, women and children. He asked City Council to support providing immediate emergency assistance to homeless families and single women. He also made a firm pledge that by Christmas 1998, there would be no homeless families or homeless single women on the streets of Seattle. Seattle citizens approved two significant

Central and Eastern Europe Environmental Issues - 2369 Words

Abstract Eastern Europe’s environmental problems are not as simple as they may seem on the surface. The environmental problems that face Eastern Europe are complicated by political, economic, and social implications. The current environmental problems are a bi-product of rapid industrial expansion under a socialist government. The soviet government was more concerned with surpassing the western cultures in technology and military might than the environmental damage they were doing to their country. The following paragraphs will address the current environmental problems facing Eastern Europe, the various solutions to the environmental problems, and the efforts taken to correct the environmental problems. Environmental Problems in†¦show more content†¦The good news is that there are viable solutions to the environmental problems that the Eastern Europe countries are having. Viable Environmental Solutions The environmental problems that face Central and Eastern Europe are much the same as any other country in the world with one exception, the proximity of the environmental hazards. Most countries in the world deal with environmental hazards, but the hazards are spread out over different parts of the country. Central and Eastern Europe are unique when it comes to environmental disasters because Central and Eastern Europe was the industrial might behind the soviet military. For every environmental disaster Central and Eastern Europe faces, there is a viable solution thanks to modern technology and proven environmental regulations. Possible environmental solutions Because of the vast environmental disasters throughout Central and Eastern Europe there are several possible environmental solutions. The possible environmental solutions that Central and Eastern Europe are considering will be decided by the cost of the solution, ease of implementation, and consultation from environmental agencies such as the United States Environmental Agency. Even with the various economic, governmental agency communication problems, and various ecological disasters Central and Eastern Europe have a number of viable solutions. Air Pollution Solutions One of theShow MoreRelatedWestern And Northern Hemispheres On The European Continent Essay1558 Words   |  7 PagesDiscovering Europe Europe is located in the Western and Northern Hemispheres on the European continent. Europe lies north of the African continent, south of the Arctic continent, west of the Asian continent and east of the North Atlantic Ocean. Europe is known as one of the most dense natural environments due to the nation’s strong laws and regulations on recycling, energy efficiency, and pollution. In addition to this, Europe is a trendsetter when it comes to addressing issues related to climateRead MoreProblem Statement. Under What Conditions Should Schomer1679 Words   |  7 PagesGerber was able to reach 92% of these households. For Gerber as a whole to be performing at such a high level, specifically the fact that the United States only represents 3% of the world’s babies is incredible. Gerber overtime has expanded into Central America, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Canada as well as other places globally, but they have not had as much success as the U.S. Market. Gerber has been looking into other locations to expand and their next big step is to evaluate the Polish market in orderRead MoreThe Construction Of The Roman Empire1415 Words   |  6 PagesMotorways Thousands of years ago, the invention of the wheel gave the people the opportunity to complete their work easier, moving around the areas faster. The construction of the Roman Empire roads allowed people to reach the Roman dominion around Europe. Their first effort to create a road system was between 43AD and 400AD, when they conquered Britain in order to have better access to main financial centres. By creating road network, they tried to expand the potential market throughout the empireRead MoreThe Cold War : American Foreign Policy1476 Words   |  6 PagesForeign Policy in the 1970s.† Kennan, unlike Leffler, Schlesinger, and Brzezinski, believes that the battle between the two nations over hegemony is beyond comparison to the dangers which threaten all of humanity. The threats Kennan provides are environmental, the unstable nature of the United Nations, and nuclear weapons. He provides a critical analysis of American foreign policy following WWII, and where the U.S. shoul d go leading into the future. Kennan writes about the Cold War less as a historicalRead MoreChallenges And Barrier And Soluations For Chinese Companies At China Pakistan Economic Corridor ( Cpec )1655 Words   |  7 Pagesconstruction of CPEC. There are lot of studies about the importance of CPEC, benefits and impact on future economy of both countries. This paper attempts to explain the challenges, due to security issues, culture difference between china and Pakistan, energy issue in Pakistan, political, conflict in Balochistan, tribal issues, and external pressure. At the End then analysis the significance of further cultural communication and cooperation between two countries , finally this paper discuss some specific measuresRead More Technology Transfers: Developing Renewable Energy Sources Essay1748 Words   |  7 PagesTechnology Transfers: Putting Theory into Practice Climate change is an increasingly demanding issue as global population continues to grow, energy sources are being depleted and cooperation between actors to take action is often difficult to enforce. Renewable energy is a growing technology. With the depletion of fossil fuels as well as increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere due to fossil fuel burning, energy dependency will have to shift to renewable technologies such as solar photovoltaicRead MoreEnlargement Of The European Union1188 Words   |  5 Pagesshould be pursued are very debatable questions. In order to come to a conclusion, it is important to explore the consequences of past enlargements for both the pre-existing members and the new member states joining the union. Discussions over this issue often investigate implications regarding security and democracy. In addition, debate often focuses on the economic and social effects that may result from the expansion of the union. European Union enlargement has been an ongoing process, which becameRead MoreGlobal Forces and the Western European Brewing Industry1252 Words   |  6 Pagescompany. It categorises the environmental influences into six groups: political, economical, socio-cultural, technological, environmental and legal; making up the acronym PESTEL. Analysis Political factors Europe has traditionally been seen as the centre of the beer brewing industry. However, the level of alcohol consumption is gradually declining. This is because many of the key markets within Europe are increasingly more aware of the social and health issues caused by excessive alcoholRead MoreThe Causes of Climate Change1008 Words   |  5 Pagesburns (Hamburg, 2009). Moreover, a cattle ranching is regarded as one of agricultural practices which substantially contributes to the increase of atmospheric greenhouse gases concentrations. A further example is an explosion in Rasdorf, a town of central Germany which resulted from the methane gas that was released by the cows in the dairy farm. The methane and ammonia that are emitted by the cows produce the greenhouse gas concentrations which feasibly affect the changes in global temperature (GermanRead MoreLiterature Review-Fdi in Retail1349 Words   |  6 PagesVolume 44 Issue 1, Pages 130 – 149, 6 Dec 2005 The article begins with an overview of the development of the literature and then discusses the nature and scope of emerging markets, with particular reference to their impact on the stakeholders of international retail franchising. Next, the article develops a conceptual model relating international retail franchising to its stakeholders. Then, a review of the research is divided into the areas of emerging world market: Central and Eastern Europe, Mexico

qCorporate Social Responsibility Integrative Industry

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Social Responsibility for Integrative Industry. Answer: Introduction: After conducting an in-depth literature review on the impact of advertisement on sales generation, it has been observed that the customers expectations are gradually changing with the upgrading progress of technology. After the emergence of digital marketing, millions of customers have showed their interest in gathering in-depth knowledge and overview about a particular product from online advertisement. Customers belonging to different geographical boundaries would be able to view the reliability of products and services from online advertisement. Especially after the emergence of Smartphone, the entire advertisement procedure has become very much convenient. Cadbury has decided to use the popularity of mobile application based on which they have grabbed the attention of millions of customers. While analyzing the discussion and findings the study has focused to conduct an in-depth thematic analysis of secondary research in order to make an effective conclusion of the research on how Cadbury has increased their sales growth by using advertisements through mobile applications. While conducting the research four themes have been selected for evaluating the impact of advertisement. As per the report of Telecommunication Regulatory Authority Apples iPhone 6 has been considered as the most popular Smartphone used in UAE. On the other hand, Samsung is the most used handset brands that most of the people belonging to UAE tend to depend. Schudson (2013) opined that after the emergence of Smartphone, most of the users do not have to be dependent on computer while viewing any kind of product promotion. Smartphone being portable and accessible to anywhere can attract the attention of people at anywhere. In order to view an advertisement of Cadbury the target customers do not have to wait for a long time. With the help of mobile applications through Smartphone customers can watch the advertisement at any time. As per the market survey conducted by Nielsen in the year 2010, facebook, instragram, google map, linkdin are the most popular mobile applications that the people of now-a-days tend to use quite often. It is undeniable that the realm of facebook is vast and wide. People from different geographical boundaries can view the detailed promotional activities by logging in facebook. Therefore, Cadbury as opined by Lou (2014), before launching a new product in the market tends to collect customer review by posting their product on the facebook page. After applying this marketing strategy, the marketing managers of Cadbury have received innumerable responses from the customers of multinational countries. Buil, De Chernatony and Martnez (2013) stated that the customers get the scope to share their comment on facebook as well. Servaes Tamayo (2013) commented that in last ten years this particular brand faced a minimum revenue growth all over the World. After the modification of advertisement and promotional activities the marketing managers have faced huge response from the customers. As per the report of Nielsen, Cadbury has increased 10.6% growth in the revenue in comparison to the previous year. In comparison to Kraft, the brand of Cadbury has lagged behind till 2009. On the other hand, the marketing managers tend to use other applications as well in order to enhance their range of target market. Gurun and Butler (2012) opined that the sales growth of a particular brand is highly dependent on the revenue range of target customers. As emphasized by Cui, Lui and Guo (2012), the earlier trend to business promotion was highly dependent on both online as well as offline advertisement. With the dynamic progress of advanced technology, customers have become more inclined towards the mobile applications. It has found that more than 185 billion applications have been downloaded from various mobile application stores at the end of 2014. Therefore, the marketing managers of Cadbury has decided to promote their products through various applications due to which people do not have to struggle in order to gain sufficient information regarding the product (Bruce, Peters Naik, 2012). While viewing a specific program or event through the mobile application the customers can view the advertisement. Therefore, the target consumers do not have to put an extra effort for taking information regarding the brand of Cadbury. As per the market position of Cadbury up to the year 2012 this particular brand has established a recognizable place in the global market (Jo Harjoto, 2012). The market of UAE has sold more than 2.8 million Smartphone up to the year 2014. As a result, in this particular country 2.8 million people are having the accessibility of using mobile applications (Ramanathan, Ramanathan Hsiao, 2012). The marketing executives of Cadbury have decided to make the content of product promotion in most lucid language. As a result, people do not have to face difficulties in understating the content. Cadbury At the same time, the customers have gained a visual effect of advertisement. As a result, Cadbury has reached to the mind of illiterate people as well. Customers from various cultural and religious backgrounds by sitting at their drawing room or in workplace get to know the new products launched by Cadbury. After evaluating the entire secondary data resources it has been analyzed that advertisement through mobile application is not devoid of some of its negative effects as well. After the emergence of Smartphone most of the business organizations especially global brands have decided to use the popularity of digital media for promoting their entire process of business. As a result, the target customers have become very much limited within a specific age group of people. Onishi Manchanda (2012) stated that most of the young generations belong to 20 to 38 age group of people are the primary users of Smartphone. As a result, the range of target customers has become very much restricted. Cadbury with the help of geographic, demographic and psychographic market segmentation has targeted the people belonging to 10 to 18 years old primarily (Park Jang, 2012). Therefore, advertisement through mobile application cannot reach to the mind of those young people. The marketing managers have faced major difficulties to grab the attention of children while promoting their brand. In order to overcome this kind of situation, the business experts of Cadbury have decided to involve younger customers as well by providing an easier and attractive content along with audio-visual aids. Moriarty et al., (2014) opined that from the entire data collected from secondary resources it has been concluded that Cadbury should take more initiative while promoting their brand instead of depending on mobile applications only. Recommendations: Based on the entire data analysis and findings discussed in the previous part some of the necessary recommendations can be provided. The recommendations are as follows: After evaluating the entire data analysis and findings parts it can be recommended that Cadbury should expand their promotional activities and advertisement sphere beyond going the platform of mobile application. Apart from mobile applications, the brand should choose using electronic media, official websites, newspapers and magazines and so on in order to reach the large number of customers from different age group of people (Eggers et al., 2013). Cadbury primary targets the customers of different age group especially children. Therefore, electronic media would be very much fruitful for this brand in order to enhance their revenue growth. It is undeniable that the marketing managers of Cadbury have used electronic media as the platform of advertisement though the advertising space is too little to draw the attention of customers. Therefore, it can be recommended that the marketing managers should invest sufficient money in promotional budget so that the channel owners like to broadcast the advertising content of Cadbury repeatedly. As a result, it would easily grab the attention of children (Black Kim, 2012). Only mobile application would be very much limited in promoting the brand and spreading their widespread wings to the mind of international customers. Cadbury before using the mobile application should make an effective market survey in order to identify the number of this specific mobile application user. For an example, the user of facebook and youtube is high in range as per the current market scenario (De Maeyer, 2012). Therefore, the brand would not have to hesitate for purchasing the page of youtube or facebook. On the other hand, the service users of sawan are very limited. As a result, Cadbury should not invest money on this kind of mobile applications that are not widely used (Berger, 2015). In order to know the number of mobile application users of various platforms of digital marketing the sales executives of Cadbury should conduct an effective market survey in order to collect the direct feedback from the customers. Necessary changes in the utility process of mobile application: While providing advertisement through mobile application the customers tend to show their reluctance in watching the entire video clips due to time constraints (Sheehan, 2013). As a result, the viewers generally tend to skip the advertisement. In order to overcome this kind of situation, the mobile application developer should change their application process in such a way that customers cannot find that option of skip. The entire advertising video is possessed with three or four seconds (Chung, Derdenger Srinivasan, 2013). Therefore, the customers do not have to invest long time to view the advertisement. In this kind of situation, the mobile app developers can improvise the software so that target customers cannot skip the advertisement. In addition, Cadbury should choose an attractive content as well with the help of which people from different geographical markets cannot resist but viewing the advertisement. The marketing managers can use this particular strategy in order to draw the attention of large number of customers (Banker et al., 2014). People from different geographical markets would like to view the advertisement of Cadbury only when the content would be able to draw the attention of viewers. Collecting feedback from the customers regarding the brand: Feedback collection from the different level of customers is highly important in order to gather knowledge on current market demand. The primary responsibility of research and development team of Cadbury should be gathering and evaluating the feedback of customers regarding mobile application use (Amini et al., 2012). The primary responsibility of the research and development sector is to collect information on how mobile application is useful for the target customers of Cadbury. Direct feedback is very significant in getting immediate response from the customers. As a result based on the customers response Cadbury should maintain their promotional activities be it on the page of social media, mobile application or electronic media. At the same time, feedback can be collected by using social media tools as well (Heerde et al, 2013). With the help of social media, people from various geographical boundaries can be involved. After collecting data from the customers the marketing execut ives should re-form advertising strategy and policy to meet the demand of current market. Re-forming business strategy is the immediate stage of feedback collection from the customers. People belonging to different geographical market tend to provide numerous feedbacks regarding the products of Cadbury. Based on the customers feedback the marketing managers should reform their advertising contents, promotional strategies and policies (Gopinath, Thomas Krishnamurthi, 2014). Therefore, it can be recommended that business experts should not only collect response from the people, they should re-form innovative promotional strategies based on the current market demand. Mobile applications users are vast in range belonging to this particular era (Levy Gendel-Guterman, 2012). Therefore, the marketing manages can collect necessary response from the customers by suing public forum, social media pages, linkdin, official websites and so on. Reference List: Amini, M., Wakolbinger, T., Racer, M., Nejad, M. G. (2012). Alternative supply chain productionsales policies for new product diffusion: An agent-based modeling and simulation approach.European Journal of Operational Research,216(2), 301-311. Banker, R. D., Byzalov, D., Ciftci, M., Mashruwala, R. (2014). The moderating effect of prior sales changes on asymmetric cost behavior.Journal of Management Accounting Research,26(2), 221-242. Berger, A. A. (2015).Ads, fads, and consumer culture: Advertising's impact on American character and society. Rowman Littlefield. Black, B., Kim, W. (2012). The effect of board structure on firm value: A multiple identification strategies approach using Korean data.Journal of Financial Economics,104(1), 203-226. Bruce, N. I., Peters, K., Naik, P. A. (2012). Discovering how advertising grows sales and builds brands.Journal of marketing Research,49(6), 793-806. Buil, I., De Chernatony, L. and Martnez, E., (2013). Examining the role of advertising and sales promotions in brand equity creation.Journal of Business Research,66(1), pp.115-122. cadbury.co.uk, ( 2017). [online] com. Available at: https://www.cadbury.co.uk [Accessed 13 Apr. 2017]. Cao, L., Li, L. (2015). The impact of cross-channel integration on retailers sales growth.Journal of Retailing,91(2), 198-216. Chung, K. Y., Derdenger, T. P., Srinivasan, K. (2013). Economic value of celebrity endorsements: Tiger Woods' impact on sales of Nike golf balls.Marketing Science,32(2), 271-293. Cui, G., Lui, H. K., Guo, X. (2012). The effect of online consumer reviews on new product sales.International Journal of Electronic Commerce,17(1), 39-58. De Maeyer, P. (2012). Impact of online consumer reviews on sales and price strategies: A review and directions for future research.Journal of Product Brand Management,21(2), 132-139. Dinner, I. M., Van Heerde, H. J., Neslin, S. A. (2014). Driving online and offline sales: The cross-channel effects of traditional, online display, and paid search advertising.Journal of Marketing Research,51(5), 527-545. Eggers, F., ODwyer, M., Kraus, S., Vallaster, C., Gldenberg, S. (2013). The impact of brand authenticity on brand trust and SME growth: A CEO perspective.Journal of World Business,48(3), 340-348. Gopinath, S., Thomas, J. S., Krishnamurthi, L. (2014). Investigating the relationship between the content of online word of mouth, advertising, and brand performance.Marketing Science,33(2), 241-258. Gurun, U. G., Butler, A. W. (2012). Don't believe the hype: Local media slant, local advertising, and firm value.The Journal of Finance,67(2), 561-598. Heerde, H. J. V., Gijsenberg, M. J., Dekimpe, M. G., Steenkamp, J. B. E. (2013). Price and advertising effectiveness over the business cycle.Journal of Marketing Research,50(2), 177-193. Jo, H., Harjoto, M. A. (2012). The causal effect of corporate governance on corporate social responsibility.Journal of business ethics,106(1), 53-72. Levy, S., Gendel-Guterman, H. (2012). Does advertising matter to store brand purchase intention? A conceptual framework.Journal of Product Brand Management,21(2), 89-97. Lou, D. (2014). Attracting investor attention through advertising.Review of Financial Studies, hhu019. Moriarty, S., Mitchell, N. D., Wells, W. D., Crawford, R., Brennan, L., Spence-Stone, R. (2014).Advertising: Principles and practice. Pearson Australia. Onishi, H., Manchanda, P. (2012). Marketing activity, blogging and sales.International Journal of Research in Marketing,29(3), 221-234. Park, K., Jang, S. S. (2012). Duration of advertising effect: considering franchising in the restaurant industry.International journal of Hospitality management,31(1), 257-265. Ramanathan, R., Ramanathan, U., Hsiao, H. L. (2012). The impact of e-commerce on Taiwanese SMEs: Marketing and operations effects.International Journal of Production Economics,140(2), 934-943. Schudson, M. (2013).Advertising, the uneasy persuasion (RLE Advertising): Its dubious impact on American society. Routledge. Servaes, H., Tamayo, A. (2013). The impact of corporate social responsibility on firm value: The role of customer awareness.Management Science,59(5), 1045-1061. Sheehan, K. B. (2013).Controversies in contemporary advertising. Sage Publications.

Shitstorm free essay sample

Please note that the views email system is ONLY read by the unit coordinator and emails meant for tutors Anton be passed on and therefore may not receive a response. On Campus If you wish to meet with your tutor please book an appointment time via email or phone. All tutors have set student consultation times. Assignment Boxes Bankbooks SEE Assignment Boxes can be found in Building 1 near the entrance to Building 4 This Learning Guide is designed to support your learning. It should be read in conjunction with your unit outline.Table of Contents How this unit relates to your course Education is a complex field comprised of diverse and dynamic teacher, student and community populations. This unit focuses on the socio-political, economic and cultural milieu that shapes teachers work and school education in Australia. Teachers are required to understand the variety of, and changing nature of, the discourses and ideologies that both constitute and are constituted in schooling, teaching and learning in an increasingly multifaceted, globalizes environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Shitstorm or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is also essential that teachers in particular, but also those interested in related human services, engage with and understand the diversity of both individuals and the broader Australian community to promote equitable practices and to facilitate educational and professional transformation. Developing sociological understandings of education, knowledge, society and change can provide those working in education and similar services with an enhanced awareness of equity issues as well as crucial analytic and critical tools to address the diverse needs they may encounter in complex and ever-changing professional contexts. This unit is one of the 16 units that provide opportunities for students as pre- service teachers to prepare for their future employment as a graduate teacher in Primary Education. Students will develop understandings about pedagogy and practice within the area of equity, diversity and social justice. The knowledge and skills developed in the other units of study in the course can be applied in this unit and Professional Experience units. Education, Knowledge, Society and Change is a core unit for students in the Masters of Teaching (Primary).This unit is offered on-campus as a lecture, tutorial and online series. As professional learners, the students will have engaged with the seven Standards of a graduate teacher as described by the New South Wales Institute of Teachers, which has accredited the Master of Teaching (Primary) course. In regards to 1 01578, students engage with the allowing Elements and Aspects (See Professional Teaching Standards -NEWS institute of Teachers This cou rse links to the following NEWS Institutes National Standards for Teachers. Standard 1: Know students and how they learn Standard 4: Create and maintain supportive and safe learning environments Standard 5: Assess, provide feedback and report on student learning Standard 7: Engage professionally with colleagues, parents/careers and the community On completion of this unit in the Masters Of Teaching (Primary) course, the graduate will have fulfilled the following course outcomes that align with the graduate attributes: Contribute to the development of innovative research-based practice by critiquing and interpreting research.Demonstrate enhanced leadership qualities and skills. Demonstrate more developed understanding and leadership in an educational/social/cultural setting. Demonstrate relevant skills in research strategies and their implementation and interpretation. Advance the profession by contributing to the development of educational professionals in the relevant Strand. Critically reflect upon learning and teaching practices in the relevant Strand. De velop innovative ways to initiate change in educational tenting and the broader community. Collaborate and liaise with colleagues to build strong trans-disciplinary practice. Unit Learning Outcomes On successful completion of this unit, you should be able to: a) Analyses the role and impact of broader socio-political, economic and cultural dimensions on teachers work, schooling and education (AWAITS standard 7. 1); b) Explain how identities are socially constructed and describe how schooling and teaching can perpetuate and position particular understandings of various identities (AWAITS standard 1. , 1. 3, 7. 1 c) Apply theoretical tools to critically analyses schooling practices, policy, pedagogy and curricula (AWAITS standard 4. 1, 7. 2); d) Examine the theoretical, research and policy construction of the multiple dimensions of schooling, in particular in relation to class, race, ethnicity, Aboriginal, gender, and sexualities (AWAITS standard 1. 4) e) Describe the relationship between social justice, place, space, and identities and communities as they relate to the schooling (AWAITS standard 7. F) Develop knowledge and understanding of and respect for the diverse backgrounds of students, teachers and communities and the effects of these actors on learning (TIT SSL standard 4. 4, 1. 4); g) Describe the ways in which educators can develop and sustain the capacity of families, communities and the school to engage all students (AWAITS standard 4. 1, 1. 4, 3. 7, 7. 3, 7. 4) h) Evaluate policies and legislative requirements related to rights and responsibilities of students, parents, other community members and teachers (AWAITS standard 4. , 7. 2) I) Describe how supportive learning environments might be developed where students feel safe to risk full participation (AWAITS standard 4. 1 , 4. 4); j) Apply technology for facilitating learning and addressing issues pertaining to equity diversity (AWAITS standard 4. 5, 3. 4). Student feedback and improvements to the unit The University values student feedback in order to improve the quality of its educational programs.As a result of student feedback, the following changes and improvements to this unit have recently been made: (I) Review of readings (ii) Review of assessment tasks and structure Assessment Overview I Assessment for this unit will be based on the following components Assignment Item Due Date Weighting Link to Unit Learning Outcomes (la) Group peer-teaching seminar task and (b) Hurdle task individual peer valuation Tutorial time allocation b, d, f, g, I, j (see above) Assignment 2 Essay Word Limit 2000 words Hard-copy assignment in tutors assignment box and final e-copy uploaded into Turning in vows by May October 14th pm. 0% a, c, e, g, h (see above) Students are required to keep a copy of all work submitted. Essential Requirements You need to have access to a computer where the Internet can be used to logon to e-learning (vows) for this unit. It would be useful to have Adobe Acrobat Reader. It can be downloaded from the link at e-learning at I. JAWS http://www. Us. Du. AU/students/nonlinearities. There are computer labs for student use on each campus and there are provisions for students to access online materials at each of the campus libraries.Assignment Details Please note that extensions for assignments MAY ONLY be granted in extenuating circumstances AND where appropriate documentation is supplied (e. G. Medical certificate) AND where correct procedures for the request are followed. Please ensure that you manage your time well and do not leave assignment completion to the last moment. It is recommended that students begin to work on their assignments early in the semester to interact any unforeseen circumstances that may arise closer to the due date and to help manage workload.The weekly lecture and seminar topic readings for the unit are recommended as an excellent starting point. Assignment 1: (1 a) Group peer-teaching seminar -and (1 b) peer evaluation -b Total worth 50% This assignment requires you, in groups, to a) develop and implement a peer teaching seminar; AND b) Individually undertake a peer-evaluation of another groups peer-teaching seminar. The peer- evaluation is a hurdle task and must be completed as a component of Assignment (1 a). What do I need to submit?CD from the group that is a copy of the groups peer-teaching seminar Powering slides A 2 page overview of the groups seminar plan with key points included A signed cover sheet (found at the end of the Learning Guide) for EACH member in the group. This should be signed and stapled together with other group members cover sheets Completed peer-evaluation form on the allocated day that you undertake your peer-evaluation. l Submission details CDC (clearly labeled with ALL presenters full names, student numbers, topic and date) and the 2 page overview should be submitted to your tutor ON THEDAY of the peer-teaching seminar along with the signed cover sheets. Completed peer-evaluation forms should be submitted TO YOUR TUTOR on the allocated day that you undertake your peer-evaluation. Purpose -? How this assignment relates to learning outcomes In addition to the outcomes listed above, students will be able: To demonstrate and explain understandings of the various s ociological theories and issues as presented in this unit in readings and lectures to date. To use one example of either youth culture or an education stimulus to explain and apply these theories/ concepts/issues.To teach peers about these understandings in a clear and coherent way using the software Microsoft Powering. To build a culture of learning with peers. Process In order to complete this assignment you need to: Select one equity issue from the seminar topics in the Schedule of Teaching Activities below (up. 18-19). Ensure that you have registered for this topic. Note that there is a limit of 4 students per group. If your topic choice is full you will need to select another topic. Please note that you cannot go to another tutorial class to implement your peer-teaching seminar task. You just select a topic from those available within your own tutorial time and class. Using the readings allocated for that issue, that is the class readings and the seminar readings (listed), and if and where relevant lectures/readings from previous weeks and/or additional readings, develop a group peer- teaching seminar. Students should use Powering to support this task. The group seminar must explore the social justice/equity issue allocated to that week. Your group seminar should use whatnot think are the key ideas to explain/explore the issue and to share these with your tutorial peers.Groups would also draw briefly on one example of youth culture or an educational stimulus to help explain and analyses their topic / key issues and to add interest and clarity to the seminar (egg website, magazine article, music, educational policy, video game, recent event that impacts young people etc. ). Your peer-teaching seminar may also explore how issues pertaining to equity, stereotyping and discrimination are represented, reinforced, explored, and exploited, the underlying power relations, as well as broader social, economic, cultural, and/or political implications.Your seminar content should include incinerations for teaching, learning, education and/or schools. Group formation and group expectations Groups should have a maximum Of 4 members. Groups should be formed and group members names registered with your tutor in the first tutorial. Each group will be allocated 25 minutes for their seminar. All group members should contribute equally to the organization of the seminar component of the first assignment and should lead the seminar for equal amounts of time. All groups will be stopped at 25 minutes. It is important that members organize themselves so that each person is given sufficient time to speak/lead. It is up to group members to strictly adhere to this time allocation. Failure to do so may impact results and/or may result in not satisfying the criteria of the assessment. If you withdraw from the unit, please inform a) your tutor by email b) the unit coordinator by email and c) someone from your seminar group, so they know not to expect you to pa artic pate in the task. NOTE: All visuals must be saved on CO. Internet access cannot be guaranteed on the day.Important information for peer-group seminars This is a teaching seminar not a presentation. Do not write a speech on the slides. Do not rely heavily on notes. DO NOT read your speech Remember you are teaching and sharing the information that you think is important with your peers. Students who read their peer-teaching seminar component will be stopped. Consider your context. This is not a lecture. It is a peer-teaching / learning activity with a small group of students. That is, you are teaching the (adult) class. You are expected to incorporate specified readings and references in your seminar.These should form the basis of what you discuss. It is vital you move beyond description and engage in a critical analysis of the issues presented. Ensure that time limits are clearly communicated to all team members. This is the groups responsibility. Consider your peers and dont eat into their time. It is the responsibility of the group to address and find a solution to any disagreements either academic or interpersonal that may arise (but generally dont). As a resource use the DVD Thinking through Presenting which will be made available to students either via the FL_JAWS site or via your tutor who will be able to provide copies.Assessment Item b Peer evaluation task The Peer Evaluation is a hurdle task associated with the first assessment task. This requires students to choose one seminar topic to formally evaluate in order to provide feedback to the group conducting the session. To complete this task, students will need to select a peer-group teaching seminar topic. This cannot be the seminar with which they are involved and ideally should not be in the same week of their own seminar. Students should register for the topic in the first tutorial.Please note that students need to register for two tasks -? the first is the peer-group seminar and the second is the seminar that they will evaluate and provide feedback. Students will be required to dead all of the seminar readings for the topic that they have chosen to evaluate in order to provide feedback to the presenters. This is an expectation of the task. The Peer Evaluation Feedback Sheets will be provided by your tutor and will need to be fully completed by you. You should add an additional page for comments. Submit it to your tutor on the day of the presentation for grading and forwarding on to the appropriate group.Please note that feedback requires constructive and thoughtful criticism. As this is a teacher education degree, it is crucial that students learn to be inconsiderate and diplomatic when writing about the perceived positives and negatives of another persons endeavourers. Any abusive or poorly considered response will automatically receive an Unsatisfactory grade for their component Of the seminar presentation. Assessment Standards MODULE 1 ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES In order to pass this unit, students must demonstrate adequate academic literacy and attain a Satisfactory level of understanding of the units content and its application.Passing this unit and receiving an overall Satisfactory grade entails meeting a minimum of 6 of the 1 0 criteria for both assessment asks. Therefore, to pass this unit, students MUST receive a Satisfactory grade on the two assessment tasks. Satisfactory Grades For each assignment there is an Academic Standard Criterion (ASS) and 10 assessment criteria. The ASS must be satisfactorily attained to be eligible to be assessed on Ethel O criteria for the assessment tasks. If the Academic Standard Criterion (see below) has been successfully met, you will be assessed on the 1 0 assignment criteria.A Satisfactory (S) assignment grade will be awarded IF a minimum of 6 of the 10 assessment criteria have been adds tautly achieved. Academic Standard Criterion The ASS requires the assignment to reflect an appropriate standard of academic writing that demonstrates engagement with the content of the unit. Appropriate standard of writing means using correct grammar, sentence structure and spelling, developing a coherent and logical argument and referencing with accordance to PAP style. Unit engagement means that there is a clear indication that the student has participated with the unit, read all compulsory unit material and read and followed the criteria for the assignment. If this criterion is not met, the assignment may be failed, sugarless of the assessment against other specific assignment criteria. If the Academic Standard Criterion has NOT been successfully met, the assignment will be referred to the Master Of Teaching primary Academic Course Advisor and Academic Support Coordinator for consideration and advice with regard to progression in the course.Unsatisfactory Grades An Unsatisfactory (U) will be awarded if less than 6 of the criteria are achieved for that assignment. If a student receives between 4 or 5 of the 10 criteria in ONE assignment and receives satisfactory on the second assignment (I. E. 6 or ore out of 10), then that student may be eligible to undertake a make-up task to give them an opportunity to pass the unit (I. E. Achieve a minimum of 6 for two assignments). This is at the discretion of the Unit Coordinator. Students awarded 3 or less for either assignment will receive an Unsatisfactory grade for the unit.Scenarios Example 1 . A student receives Satisfactory across 6 out of the 10 criteria. In the second assignment for the unit, the student achieves Satisfactory across at least 6 of the 10 criteria. Since this student achieved the Satisfactory minimum of 6 of the criteria for both assignments 1 and 2, this student will ass the unit. Example 2. A student receives Satisfactory across 8 out of the 10 criteria for the first assignment. In the second assignment for that unit the student achieves Satisfactory for 3 of the 10 criteria.As the second assignment demonstrated a satisfactory level on fewer than 4 of the criteria the student is ineligible to receive a make-up task. This student will fail the unit as they have not achieved satisfactory 6 of the criteria for both assignments. Example 3. A student receives Satisfactory across 6 out of the student achieves satisfactory for 5 of the ID criteria. As the second assignment demonstrated a satisfactory level on more than 4 of the criteria the student is eligible to receive a make-up task at the discretion of the Jinni Coordinator.If this make-up task achieves satisfactory of 6 of the criteria, the student will receive Satisfactory for the unit. Note: A make-up task is only potentially available to students if they have met 6 or more of the criteria on at least one of the two assignments, and 4 or more of the criteria on the second assignment. Students who are eligible to undertake the make-up task must contact the unit Coordinator by email within ONE week of marks being leased in flaws. Students will have one week to complete the make-up task from the date of issue by the Coordinator.

A While vs Awhile

A While vs Awhile A While vs Awhile A While vs Awhile By Ali Hale One of our readers, Robert, wrote to ask Daily Writing Tips: Heres a couple of words I use all the time interchangeably. But are they? a while vs. awhile Help me out, o oracle! No problem, Robert! This one’s pretty easy to grasp: A while is a noun meaning â€Å"a length of time† â€Å"I slept for a while.† (compare with â€Å"I slept for a bit† and â€Å"I slept for three hours†) â€Å"I was away from my desk for a while.† (compare with â€Å"I was away from my desk for two minutes†) Awhile is an adverb, meaning â€Å"for a time,† or literally, â€Å"for a while†. â€Å"I slept awhile before dinner.† (compare with â€Å"I slept deeply before dinner† and â€Å"I slept badly before dinner†.) As you can see, the words can be used almost interchangeably in some cases – but a while needs to be accompanied by a preposition, such as â€Å"for† (â€Å"I slept for a while†) or â€Å"ago† (â€Å"I left work a while ago†). Awhile always means â€Å"for a while†. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Comparative Forms of AdjectivesThe Difference Between "will" and "shall"Shore It Up

Kelvins Clouds Speech

Kelvin's Clouds Speech On Friday, April 27, 1900, the British physicist Lord Kelvin gave a speech entitled Nineteenth-Century Clouds over the Dynamical Theory of Heat and Light, which began: The beauty and clearness of the dynamical theory, which asserts heat and light to be modes of motion, is at present obscured by two clouds. Kelvin went on to explain that the clouds were two unexplained phenomena, which he portrayed as the final couple of holes that needed to be filled in before having a complete understanding of the thermodynamic and energy properties of the universe, explained in classical terms of the motion of particles. This speech, together with other comments attributed to Kelvin, such as by physicist Albert Michelson in an 1894 speech, indicate that he strongly believed the main role of physics in that day was to just measure known quantities to a great degree of precision, out to many decimal places of accuracy. Meaning of Clouds The clouds to which Kelvin was referring were: The inability to detect the luminous ether, specifically the failure of the Michelson-Morley experimentThe black body radiation effect- known as the ultraviolet catastrophe Importance References to this speech have become somewhat popular for one very simple reason: Lord Kelvin was about as wrong as he could possibly have been. Instead of minor details that had to be worked out, Kelvins two clouds instead represented fundamental limits to a classical approach to understanding the universe. Their resolution introduced whole new and unanticipated realms of physics, known collectively as modern physics. Quantum Physics In fact, Max Planck solved the black body radiation problem in 1900, presumably, after Kelvin gave his speech) In doing so, he had to invoke the concept of limitations on the allowed energy of emitted light. This concept of a light quanta was seen as a simple mathematical trick at the time, necessary to resolve the problem, but it worked. Plancks approach precisely explained the experimental evidence resulting from heated objects in the black-body radiation problem. However, in 1905, Einstein took the idea further and used the concept to also explain the photoelectric effect. Between these two solutions, it became clear that light seemed to exist as little packets, or quanta, of energy- photons, as they would later come to be called. Once it became clear that light existed in packets, physicists began to discover that all kinds of matter and energy existed in these packets, and the age of quantum physics began. Relativity The other cloud that Kelvin mentioned was the failure of the Michelson-Morley experiments to discuss the luminous ether. This was the theoretical substance that physicists of the day believed permeated the universe, so that light could move as a wave. The Michelson-Morley experiments had been a rather ingenious set of experiments, based on the idea that light would move at different speeds through the ether depending on how the Earth was moving through it. They constructed a method to measure this difference... but it hadnt worked. It appeared that the direction of lights motion had no bearing on the speed, which didnt fit with the idea of it moving through a substance like the ether. Again, though, in 1905 Einstein came along and set the ball rolling on this one. He laid out the premise of special relativity, invoking a postulate that light always moved at a constant speed. As he developed the theory of relativity, it became clear that the concept of the luminous ether was no longer particularly helpful, so scientists discarded it. References by Other Physicists Popular physics books have frequently referenced this event because it makes it clear that even very knowledgeable physicists can be overcome by overconfidence at the extent of their fields applicability. In his book The Trouble with Physics, theoretical physicist Lee Smolin says the following about the speech: William Thomson (Lord Kelvin), an influential British physicist, famously proclaimed that physics was over, except for two small clouds on the horizon. These clouds turned out to be the clues that led us to quantum theory and relativity theory. Physicist Brian Greene also references the Kelvin speech in The Fabric of the Cosmos: In 1900, Kelvin himself did note that two clouds were hovering on the horizon, one to do with properties of lights motion and the other with aspects of the radiation objects emit when heated, but there was a general feeling that these were mere details, which, no doubt, would soon be addressed. Within a decade, everything changed. As anticipated, the two problems Kelvin had raised were promptly addressed, but they proved anything but minor. Each ignited a revolution, and each requires a fundamental rewriting of natures laws.

Human Resource Law - Memo Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human Resource Law - Memo - Research Paper Example Anderson Cost Club Store fired the employees because of the work place circumstances and not due to discrimination. An employer can terminate a worker for a valid reason, bad reason or without a reason if the worker was employed at-will. Additionally, people employed at-will have a right to quit any time without a reason. Consequently, Cost Club has the right to fire employees without giving reasons. The act also forbids employers from dismissing any individuals because they reported the organization’s unlawful actions. However, in this case, the organization did not engage in any unlawful act. The employer had the right to choose the employee to fire because he knew the most productive workers better than the regulators or judges (Ford, 2008). Message 2: Regional CEO’s Question about Reducing Employee Costs. Autonomous contractors, temporary workers, and employees are different kinds of workers, and organizations should acknowledge their dissimilarities. This is becaus e knowing the distinction will help the employers to establish the initial hiring processes and avoid the expensive legal consequences. Independent contractors are different from other employers because they work under their separate corporate brands and have their own workforces. Additionally, they keep different financial records and they can publicly market their services. The contractors do not operate according to the standard business hours; they set their own working hours. Moreover, they can work for several organizations and submit invoices for every completed work. However, employees perform duties according to the organization’s requirements and they have to work under the organization’s schedule. Additionally, they must undergo relevant training before working for an organization. Employees must work for one employer, and they do not keep separate financial records. Most organizations prefer independent contractors because they have many advantages over emp loyees. The organizations that rely on the contractors have lower labor expenses and liabilities. Additionally, the use of independent contractors enhances flexibility in hiring and firing (Small Business Administration, 2011). Temporary workers are the people working for agencies who replace workers in organizations. Such workers are highly skilled and they work for organizations whenever they have crucial projects or deadlines. They should only work on short-term assignments that last for a maximum of 90 days. These types of workers can reduce the organization’s expenses because their pays are usually lower than those of the employees and independent contractors (Small Business Administration, 2011). Incorrect categorization of workers may result in severe legal penalties. An organization will be required to pay the contractors and temporary workers all the wages they would get as outlined in the Fair Labor Standards Act if it treats them as employees. The wages should be i nclusive of overtime and minimum wages. Furthermore, the organization will have to reimburse all the taxes and fines for federal taxes, Medicare, and unemployment. If the misclassified workers were injured while working for the organization, they will have to receive compensation. Additionally, the organization will have to give the misclassified individuals benefits such as health

Chem 1 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chem 1 - Coursework Example What would be the danger of exposure to the contents of this car? Would the vapor hug the ground? 7. If someone left the valve open on a 15 L cylinder of carbon monoxide gas at 23 oC and 750 psig and the tank emptied into a room that was 25 feet by 15 feet by 8.5 feet high, what would the final concentration of carbon monoxide be in the room in ppm? Will you die if you stay in the room? The severity of symptoms of CO exposure is influenced by three main factors: (1) the concentration of CO in the environment; (2) how long the exposure lasts, and (3) work-load and breathing rate. In general, assuming that users of gasoline-powered engines are engaged in at least a moderate level of activity, exposure to CO concentrations of 80 to100 parts per million (ppm) for 1 to 2 hours can result in decreased exercise tolerance and, in persons who are at risk, may bring on chest pain and cause irregular heartbeat [EPA 1991a]. Symptoms associated with CO exposure concentrations of 100 to 200 ppm include headache, nausea, and mental impairment. More serious central nervous system effects, coma, and death are associated with CO exposure concentrations of 700 ppm or greater for an hour or more . Employers shall provide employees with effective information and training on hazardous chemicals in their work area at the time of their initial assignment, and whenever a new physical or health hazard the employees have not previously been trained about is introduced into their work area. Information and training may be designed to cover categories of hazards (e.g., flammability, carcinogenicity) or specific chemicals. Chemical-specific information must always be available through labels and material safety data sheets. Answer: Flammable and combustible liquids are liquids that can burn. They are classified, or grouped, as either flammable or combustible by their flashpoints. Generally speaking, flammable liquids will ignite (catch on

The evaluation of adults returning to learning. Essay Example for Free

The evaluation of adults returning to learning. Essay There are many advantages to returning to learning as an adult, which ultimately enables the individual satisfied in many positive aspects. However, amongst the advantages, it is highly probably apprehensible that an adult student will face disadvantages to returning to learning as an adult. There is no such thing as a typical adult student, ergo everyone is unique. Nevertheless, it is possible to formulate conceptualise a broad understanding of the supporting arguments and opposing arguments regarding returning to learning as an adult. Completing an academic course is beneficial to everyone, regardless of age, it grants them a formal qualification formal recognition of their achievements, which can then be presented as proof or persuasion or simply kept as a personal achievement, because earning a qualification can be satisfying within its own right, building self-esteem and confidence. One of the disadvantages to returning to learning as an adult is that adult students appear to be less confident in an academic environment opposed to traditional-aged students, according to a July FOXbusiness article. This is due to an academic environment being unfamiliar to most non-traditional-aged adult college students, most adults have been absent from education for many years, juxtaposed to traditional-ages students, 18 or above, who have entered college or university straight from A-levels. Many adult, non-traditional college students experience fear or discomfort within the classroom due to feeling inadequate despite being more motivated to earn a degree compared to traditional-aged students (adult students are less distracted opposed to younger students -theyve already satisfied their impulsive urges within in their youth adults a more likely to appreciate the aspect of education more so than younger students) , according to the statistics in the July FOXbusiness article. One could perceive this as disadvantageous, however, it is more logical to perceive this as a opportunity rather than a limitation. Returning to education as an adult enables an opportunity to learn a superlative piece of skill, confidence. Many adults who return to learning have lost their confidence due to the negative perceptions they have of themselves, however, studying will develop and enhance ones confidence, skills and qualifications. Studying bestow’s upon the adult the ability to adapt to new social situations and the opportunity to trust your own abilities, ergo, to indulge within the self-belief that comes from completing a course successfully, which is advantageous. Amongst other advantages, making new friends isnt a prime reason for enrolling upon a course, but many adults appreciate this as an added bonus. Linked to the gaining the importance of confidence, discovering new people who are in a similar situation with mutual interests is an effective way, of an adult who may have negative perceptions of oneself, of realising that the world around them isnt as alienating as they perceive, ergo, returning to education as an adult presents an opportunity to find yourself, which is certainly advantageous. Besides that, returning to learning as an adult has a functional advantage. It can increase career prospects and earning potential. Despite recent difficulties faced by graduates and school-leavers, it remains the case that people with academic or vocational qualifications are more likely to be employed. Adults particularly find that returning to education increases their opportunity choices regarding career. Also, abiding by national statistics, in 2001, research conducted by LSE found that by gaining a degree a woman can earn up to 26% more than a woman who does not continue her education beyond A LEVELS. A man can earn about 23% more by completing a degree course. Another advantage for adults who are returning to learning is that education for some is a means to escape the familiar routines that they commit to. Many adults may be unhappy or perhaps many adults might be experience the sense of being unfulfilled in their working or social environments. These negative emotions, lead to unwanted actions such as; relationships being affected negatively with others. On the other hand, when an individual is happy feeling fulfilled, relationships improve. Some adults find that unhappiness or stress at work leads to arguments at home. Once education has been used as a means to escape this unhappy working environment, the arguments lessen or disappear completely. Adults find also that relationships with their children improve – they feel more of an affinity with their children, understanding the stresses and strains which are places on them within the education system. Thusly, returning to learning as an adult is advantageous regarding the improvement of relationships through heightening the perception of ones self-worth and therefor, feeling fulfilled. On the contrary however, returning to education has the capability to negatively affect relationships. Returning to school as an adult requires juggling class schedules with family life, work and other personal commitments. Mature students articulate concerns about finding enough time for family members and how to deal with a partner who may not appreciate the idea, according to Deborah Neuheisel, an adult student adviser for the University of Wisconsin-Barron County. One imperative disadvantage to returning to learning as an adult are the financial limitations. An adult may have responsibilities that conventional aged students might not have, such as bills or perhaps a family to provide for. However, the challenge of finding adequate resources to fund a college education provides strong motivation to finish the effort. As a result, adult students are more likely to understand the value of an education and better positioned to focus on what they want to learn. Furthermore, there are sources of government funding that an adult student is entitled to such as, grants and bursaries. Ultimately, it is most advantageous to return to an academic environment as an adult, if required, it will supply one with a formal acknowledgement of achievement which can be used to increase career prospects but amongst all other functions, it enables one the opportunity to stimulate the brain, divert from conventional routine, be given a voice and opportunity to put their thoughts and values forward the opportunity to inspire be inspired.

Somalia Culture Essay -- Essays Papers

Somalia Culture Somalia is a country situated in the ÒhornÓ of East Africa. It is bordered by the Gulf of Aden in the north, the Indian Ocean on the east and southeast, Kenya in the southwest, Ethiopia in the west, and Djibouti in the northwest. Somalia is about four times the size of the State of Minnesota, or slightly smaller than Texas. The capital is Mogadishu. Somalia's population is mostly rural. Nearly 80% of the people are pastoralists, agriculturalists, or agropastoralists. Except for a small number of Somalis who rely on fishing, the rest of the population are urban dwellers. Somalia's chief cities and towns are Mogadishu (the capital), Hargeisa, Burao, Berbera, Bossaso, Marka, Brava, Baidoa, and Kismaayo. In the past few years, civil war and famine have changed urban demographics as hundreds of thousands of displaced Somalis have poured into the cities seeking sanctuary and relief. Ethnically and culturally, Somalia is one of the most homogeneous countries in Africa. Somalia has its minorities: there are people of Bantu descent living in farming villages in the south, and Arab enclaves in the coastal cities. A small number of Europeans, mostly Italians, live on farms in the south. But the great majority of the people are ethnic Somalis who speak dialects of the same language, Somali, and who practice the same religion, Islam. In a land of sparse rainfall, more than half the population consists of pastoralists or agropastoralists who raise camels, cattle, sheep, and goats. There are farmers, mostly in the south and northwest, and in recent years a new urban group of government workers, shopkeepers, and traders has emerged, but it is the nomadic way of life, with its love of freedom and open spaces, that is c... ...e or the hand up to the wrist. Its application often signifies happy occasions, such as a marriage or the birth of a baby. Somalia's economic fortunes are being driven by its deep political divisions. The northern area has declared its independence.. During 1992-1993, Somalia experienced a great famine. This famine was the result of a drought coupled with the disastrous effect that infighting among rival clan militias had on the land and the livestock in Somalia. Somalis have always relied on their land and livestock to support themselves, and so this famine was devastating to them. Consequently, over 900,000 Somalis fled to neighboring countries. Approximately 400,000 of these refugees fled to Kenya. Since that time, some of the refugees have returned to Somalia, yet the situation there is still so tenuous that many have chosen to remain in the refugee camps.

Ellen Goodman Columnist Essay

Ellen Goodman, a Pulitzer prize winning columnist, author, speaker, and commentator who refuses to call herself a pundit. Ellen has long been a chronicler of social change in America, especially the women’s movement and effects on our public, private lives, and has spent most of her life chronicling social change and its impact on American life. As a Pulitzer Prize winning columnist she was one of the first women to open up the pages to women’s voices and became, according to Media Watch, the most widely syndicated progressive columnist in the country.Proof of her strong passion for impacts on an average American life, her column titled â€Å"Dispensing Morality† shows just that. In her column, she expresses how those in professions and careers should reserve the right to distribute drugs or anything that has the ability to harm someone, even if it’s intentions is to aid, if the decision on handing it out conflicts with their ethics, morals, and values. Sh e uses scenarios of situation like those and rhetorical questions to prove a point based on ethos with a tad bit of pathos; while she uses statistics of a considerable amount of claims, facts, expert opinions to appeal to the reader’s logos.She ends of this column saying: â€Å".. last time I looked, the pharmacist's license did not include the right to dispense morality. † Matching the last word with exact title of her column gives it a serious conclusion displaying how serious she is about the subject. In another column of Goodman’s, â€Å"Those Poor College Conservatives† she boldly evinces how politics does not only have a monumental spotlight as the nation as its theatre, but it also has a college level arena where students can take the initial stand of having grand debates as would senators and other officials perform when running for office of any kind.Here she uses statistics of how much Democrats there is for one Republican in the universities of Stanford and Berkeley to indicate how much national politics is effected by students who, as we know, are the next generation – the future. She also uses ExxonMobil; The Independent Women's Forum; and a quote of Harvey Mansfield, a Harvard conservative, to add on to her use logos in addition with her statistics. However, as much as logical this column may be, she uses her strong opinions to include pathos to approve to reader’s emotions, morals, and beliefs.This column demonstrates how much of a determination Goodman has toward the inclusiveness of American lives. One column of hers clearly exhibits her drive for righting wrongs of America. In Goodman’s column, â€Å"Will Her Voice Ever Be Heard? † she stands up for foreign writers to be able to have published books in the United States. This column mainly surrounds Iranian writer, Shirin Ebadi, who was the first Iranian woman to become a judge and the first to receive a Nobel Prize, who’s been es chewed by the government because she’s Iranian and the American government will not allow people who the country fears and is currently in war with.Goodman uses the background and story of Ebadi to convey the difficulties she has had in order to have her books published, those trails are an example of pathos because it is attempting to attract the reader’s emotional state. The author also uses facts revealing discrimination, such as: â€Å"A law written in 1917 allows the president to bar transactions during times of war or national emergency. It was amended twice to exempt publishers.Nevertheless, the Treasury Department in its wisdom has ruled that it's illegal even to enhance the value of anything created in Iran without permission. † To appeal to the audience’s logos state. The purpose of this article is to strike up people’s ethos so they will also stand up for those like Ebadi and hopefully let them have a share of this â€Å"country of free dom. † Ellen Goodman, currently does not write columns, however, as stated earlier, she is considered one of the most advanced columnist in the country.Her passionate columns of justifying the unjust in America truly exemplifies her love for this nation and how much she wants to make it an ideal land for not only its citizens but for those seeking liberty and freedom. Through her use of pathos, ethos, and logos she desires to please everyone’s emotions, value, and intellectual mind-sets, thus spreading her drive and motivation toward others. Her goal for composing such column makes her an astounding writer – not for money, not for fame, not for glory, but to touch reader’s hearts for good.

Cell Phones

Cell phones should be permitted in classrooms for educational purposes. Having cell phones in an environment that is already geared towards learning opens the opportunity to teach safety and manners for the devices. Teachers can explain in detail to their students how to remain safe on the internet and how to utilize it to its fullest ability. This presents the ideal circumstances for addressing issues such as cyberbullying and online predators as well as how to avoid or properly deal with these topics. The school also can monitor and control what sites students may visit, and it protects them from off-topic or detrimental websites. In addition to safety, instructors may lead lectures on etiquette associated with these devices (http://www.schoolmoney.org). Using technology in the classroom is useful for recording and recalling information. Ken Halla found that his students turned in their homework more often when they were using their devices to remind themselves of their homework. By using the devices as reminders, the students were able to combat their forgetfulness and raise their grades as they had begun to complete their assignments (http://neatoday.org). Another teacher, Sherri Story, uses smart phones to administer group quizzes in which a total of six phones are used, so all the students get a chance to participate and work together. She finds that the students have all the information they need at their fingertips and can find answers that even she does not know almost immediately. The students can share notes and assignments that their classmates may have missed in a previous period, which allows the absent student just as much time to work on a given topic as his peers and no excuse for not completing assignments (https://pilotonline.com). Implementing a ‘Bring Your Own Device,' or ‘BYOD' policy can be cost-effective for schools that are underfunded. For schools that cannot afford many computers; laptops; or tablets, having students bringing in their own devices, even if they must be shared, saves the school from expending money that it does not have (http://neatoday.org). Additionally, a study, led by Joshua Littenberg-Tobias and Vincent Cho, showed that when students' devices were utilized for learning in Boston College, the teachers saw improvement in the learning abilities of their students (https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org). Because the use of technology has grown exponentially over the years, the quantity of educationally focused applications has grown. Apps, such as Remind101, are used to remind students of upcoming assignments while websites like Poll Everywhere can be used to determine what materials a class needs to review before assessments and what it does not. Other apps, such as dictionary or reference apps are quick and easy to use, cutting down on the time needed to search for information so that more time may be spent on learning (http://www.nea.org). Certain apps such as Kahoot are tailored to make learning in all subjects enjoyable, entertaining, and like a game, which helps some students learn better than simply sitting through a lesson without understanding (https://education.cu-portland.edu). Cellular devices may be used by children that would otherwise not ask for assistance. They may by utilized by disabled children to communicate with everyone else and give them a sense of normality. They may also be used by students who are too shy or nervous to ask for help in front of their entire class. These students may fear that they will be considered stupid if they ask for help, so the anonymity gives them the confidence they need to receive the additional attention they need. Moreover, when students are placed into groups to complete projects, none of them are singled out because they do not own a smartphone. All students in a group work together, using a single device (https://www.edutopia.org). Permitting cell phones in an academic setting would be a wise decision, despite its drawbacks, which are easily remedied.

The Ostpolitik in the Soviet Empire the Clash of Different Viewpoints

The Ostpolitik in the Soviet Empire the Clash of Different Viewpoints However hard the relations between Germany and the Soviet Union during the Ostpolitik have been discussed, there are still a lot of questions that remain unanswered. In spite of the fact that Germany and the Soviet Union had a certain scheme that could make their collaboration fruitful and profitable for each of the parties, it ended just as suddenly as it had started. There must be some light shed on the situation.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Ostpolitik in the Soviet Empire: the Clash of Different Viewpoints specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The idea that underlay the politics of Germany was the fact that the economical state of the both countries left much to be desired, and they were tending to reach the European level without going into big expenditures. The core idea of the Ostpolitik was implemented in the motto â€Å"Change through Rapprochement Policy†. This meant that Germany and Soviet Un ion were trying to come into closer contact with each other and intertwine the policies, sharing the economical experience and trying to recover together. The man to introduce the very idea of the new policy was Willy Brandt, one of the most influential men in Germany of all times. He suggested the new concept in 1963 and went on with the experiment to bridge the two great countries. The basic idea was about connecting the two parts of Germany that were set apart, Willy Brandt saw it as the first reason for Germany to be pushed far behind in its development, and, trying to improve the state’s condition, he searched for every method possible for the country to get united again, which would create the profound basis for its further economical and political development. When the idea took certain shapes and the process of creating links with the Soviet Union was launched, Egon Bahr, the man who conducted the whole procedure and was in charge of the changes that took place during the negotiations, made it possible for the idea to be put into practice[1]. Signing the agreement with Moscow was an important step, and Willy Brandt knew it perfectly well; as a chancellor, he made every possible move be directed to connecting the two parts of the country.Advertising Looking for term paper on eastern europe? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Was it the collaboration with the Soviet Union that he had been searching for? The answer would be probably yes, but the first thing he was to do was to destroy the wall between the Eastern and the Western parts of Germany, both metaphorically and literally. There were a lot of people in Germany against collaboration with Russia, among them Konrad Adenauer. He expressed his doubts about the reasonability of the project and unwillingness to contribute to the new politics in the open, but the chancellor was determined to act in this very course. And finally the gen eral admitted that it was only the union of two great states that could improve the situation in Germany. Germany laid a lot of hopes on the future relationships with the Soviet Union. As Spaulding explained, Politicized trade played a central role in the new Ostpolitik of Chancellor Willy Brandt and the Social Democrats. Steadily improving trade relations played an important part in the â€Å"policy of small steps† that aimed ultimately at change through rapprochementâ€Å" with the East.[2] Europe took this alliance as something out of the ordinary. Their emotions were rather easy to understand. Indeed, creating a common workplace that would grow into trusted relationships and further on perhaps into the collaboration and partnership of the two most powerful states of those times was something to worry about. The European states, together with all their separation from each other and their policies never bespoken in the open, could not oppose the tremendously strong empire these two could turn into one day. That is why the fact of signing the treaty in the Soviet Union by Konrad Adenauer was taken with indignation by whole wide Europe. The states had the idea that the persistence of the communist moods in the Soviet Union might lead to its ideas spreading all over Europe and finally seizing the power.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Ostpolitik in the Soviet Empire: the Clash of Different Viewpoints specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As he returned from Moscow, whole Europe was talking about his ways of an owner which were more than noticeable as he was signing the agreement. The US ambassador in the Soviet Union, C. Bolen, compared him to Chamberlain signing the defeatist contract with Hitler and Mussolini. That was already reeking of an international scandal. The Soviet Union expected that this would contribute to its might, too. In fact, the Ostpolitik did. It made the Sovie t Union stronger in terms of its economical power. In addition, it also drove the political powers of the country to think of establishing the ideas of democracy in the country. Normalizing the relationships with Germany and acquiring the knowledge about the Western idea of a state, USSR took the new model of development with curiosity. That could mean a turn-up in the plot and a new page in the history of Russia and the Eastern Europe. However, this all ended just as unexpectedly as it had started. In spite of the worries of the neighboring countries, the states did not go further than they have planned. Both Brandt and Stalin did not go any further than it had been planned. They both understood perfectly well that the two states could not work together on the parities, and it was impossible to continue the further work. The great idea collapsed. The whole plot being a wonderful idea that was set brilliantly did not work as the two states of the same power collided. They knew that in case they would not agree upon some subject, there would be another was. At that time, neither could afford such costs, since they both were trying to heal the wounds caused by the previous conflict.Advertising Looking for term paper on eastern europe? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As Pittman emphasized, It may be that the Soviet reluctance to respond to West German appeals to increase the number ox exit permits was due to the general deterioration of dà ©tente and also to Soviet disappointment in material benefits (economic) expected from the FRG-Soviet relations[3]. However, it influenced the union of the two parts of Germany in 1990, this is the fact that cannot be denied. Indeed, the traces that people’s actions leave drag the most unexpected consequences. Reference List Ash, T. G. In Europe’s Name: Germany and the Divided Continent. New York, NY: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2010. Print. Pittman, A. From Ostpolitik to Unification: West German-Soviet Political  Relations Since 1974. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2002. Print. Spaulding, R. M. Osthandel and Ostpolitik: German Foreign Trade Policies in  Eastern Europe from Bismarck to Adenauer. Oxford: Berghahn Books. 1997. Print. Footnotes Ash, T. G. In Europe’s Name: Germany and the Divided Continent. (New York, NY: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2010). Spaulding, R. M. Osthandel and Ostpolitik: German Foreign Trade policies in Eastern Europe from Bismark to Adenauer. (Oxford: Berghahn Books 1997). 489 Pittman, A. From Ostpolitik to Unification: West German-Soviet Political  Relations Since 1974. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002). 30

The Influence of Supply and Demand on Inflation

The Influence of Supply and Demand on Inflation Inflation is an increase in the price of a basket of goods and services that is representative of the economy as a whole. In other words, inflation is an upward movement in the average level of prices, as defined in Economics by Parkin and Bade. Its opposite is deflation, a downward movement in the average level of prices. The boundary between inflation and deflation is price stability. The Link Between Inflation and Money An old adage holds that inflation is too many dollars chasing too few goods. Because inflation is a rise in the general level of prices, it is intrinsically linked to  money.   To understand how inflation works, imagine a world that only has two  commodities: oranges picked from orange trees and paper money printed by the government. In a drought year when oranges are scarce, one would expect to see the price of oranges rise, because quite a few dollars would be chasing very few oranges. Conversely, if there was a record orange crop, one would expect to see the price of oranges fall because orange sellers would need to reduce their prices in order to clear their inventory. These scenarios represent inflation and deflation, respectively. However, in the real world, inflation and deflation are changes in the average price of all goods and services, not just one. Altering the Money Supply Inflation and deflation can also result when the amount of  money in the system  changes. If the government decides to print a lot of money, then dollars will become plentiful relative to oranges, as in the earlier drought example.   Thus, inflation is caused by the number of dollars rising relative to the number of oranges (goods and services). Similarly, deflation is caused by the number of dollars falling relative to the number of ​oranges (goods and services). Therefore, inflation is caused by a combination of four factors: the supply of money goes up, the supply of other goods goes down, demand for money goes down and demand for other goods goes up. These four factors are thus linked to the basics of supply and demand. Different Types of Inflation Now that we have covered the basics of inflation, it is important to note that there are many types of inflation. These types of inflation are differentiated from each other by the cause that drives the price increase. To give you a taste, lets briefly go over ​cost-push inflation and demand-pull inflation.   Cost-push inflation is a result of a decrease in aggregate supply. Aggregate supply is the supply of goods, and a decrease in aggregate supply is mainly caused by an increase in wage rate or an increase in the price of raw materials. Essentially,  prices for consumers are pushed up  by increases in the cost of production. Demand-pull inflation occurs when there is an increase in aggregate demand. Simply put, consider how when demand increases, prices are pulled higher.

China and the World Trade Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

China and the World Trade Organization - Essay Example The main function of this body is to carry out and facilitate multilateral negotiations so as to improve the movement of goods and services in an open market and also to reduce trade barriers and such other bottlenecks, which actually bring unhealthy or poor competition in the market. It would be acting as a platform for its members to speak about their difficulties with their trading partners and in this way ultimately leading to the economic development of its members. Currently there are 145 members for WTO (The World Trade Organization and Agriculture, 2004). So the ultimate aim of WTO is to develop the economy of all its member countries whether it is developed, developing or least developed, to ensure employment for all through better production of goods and services and better standard of living for all (The basics of WTO. 2000). China joined WTO in the year 2001. A lot of commitments were made by China while joining WTO. According to that all the imports were to be exempted from trade tariffs. There is also domestic price liberalization and thus the price of the domestic as well as international price has almost become same. Apart from this tariff rate quotas replaced import quotas and licenses were abolished. In sectors such as telecommunications, insurance etc foreign participation was encouraged (WTO successfully concludes negotiations on China's entry, 2001). All these commitments increased transparency of China's trade regime and helped china to increase its trade volume. The volume of trade of China has increased from about $200 billion to more than $750 billion within four years after it's joining in WTO (The China Business review, 2006). There has been a change in the items of export as well. Before 2001 agricultural produce, leather, plastic items etc were the main exports, but after 2001, it is the electrical goods, machinery, power generation equipment etc. The imports also increased considerably in these 4 years and the main items include heavy equipments, machineries, vehicles and their parts etc. Export and import with United States increased to more than double during this period. China became the top supplier of consumer goods. The trade is increasing nearly 29% annually. Thus it could be seen that after joining WTO, China has made tremendous progress in its trade especially to United States and other developed countries. It has become the fourth largest economy in the world by the year 2006 (Yong, 2009). Thus the World Trade Organization which was formed as a result of increased globalization and liberalization, in order to facilitate trade across the countries has resulted in the development of economies not only of the developed countries such as US, UK, Germany etc, it has also helped the developed countries such as China to make tremendous progress in the trade and economy. Works Cited The basics of WTO [online] Available at: http://www.iisd.org/trade/handbook/3_2.htm 2000. (accessed on 12th June 2009) The China Business review [online] Available at: http://www.chinabusinessreview.com/public/0609/ChinaData.pdf 2006

Impacts of the metropolitan person of the rise of the post-modern Essay

Impacts of the metropolitan person of the rise of the post-modern urban condition - Essay Example Within the US, a range of regional planning processes have designed place-type models to help the public and policy makers during the patterning of redevelopment and urban expansion. These model place-types will ordinarily indicate the land use mixtures and the densities, and in some cases, street patterning and building forms. Through the proposals, decision-makers can estimate the environmental and transportation impacts of optional area place-type blends, using I-PLACE3S and GIS-based software. However, irrespective of new attention to large-scale urban design, some suburbanization histories and the classic examination of urban forms throughout history; the developments of urban expansion for cities in North America have not been charted out in a systematic way. This report will detail a study of the evolution of spatial developments across the Sacramento urban area, using GIS (Geographic Information Systems) software to map the growth and the changes that came with the growth. Ad ditional research from secondary sources will offer more information on the history of the urban area and the triggers of growth. The report aims to provide the morphological growth of the region, pointing out the full range of constructed landscapes created through its history, which will help in the management of urban growth. Related Literature The commonly available historical accounts of suburbanisation and urbanisation tend to emphasize the general aspects of growth, and the forces triggering urban development, compared to giving information on the systematic growth of urban forms. Most times, these accounts depict an impressive history, and may assume a normative outlook; Mumford’s â€Å"the City in History† of 1961 is among the iconic examples of both areas. The main focus of these accounts includes financial, cultural and the institutional factors that trigger growth. Others like Hall (2002) focus on the planning ideas and the visions of urban areas. Additiona lly, some scholars emphasize the urban histories of the urban areas, and many others have reviewed the historical account of certain cities (Abbott, 2008). Although, many of the works mentioned before focus on demographic, sociological and cultural change, some iconic planners, geographers and historians have directed more attention towards form. Through the analysis of official maps and designs, which are supported by other sources of graphic evidence, the information is used to offer information on the changes that have taken place in economic needs, cultural values and governmental purposes. Other accounts like Kostof (1992) focuses particular features of design of the city, throughout history, emphasizing on the reflection of purpose and meaning from patterns. Lynch (1981) pointed out the significance of different spatial aspects of a city, including edges, paths, nodes, districts, and grain, going further to explore the ways in which they affect the lives and the experiences of visitors and the residents of the region. Vance (1990) reviewed function and form in urban settlements in human history, directing special attention towards the stages of development, the location of cities and their connectivity – with reference to transportation and trade. Recent literature has been highly systematic in analyzing form, by developing models of form at

Slave resistance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Slave resistance - Essay Example the behaviors exhibited by individuals are observable and does not necessarily require the observation of their mental states in order to explain their behaviors in the environments that they live in (New & Cochran, 2007). However, Watson indicated that observable behaviors are the only ones that can be included in the observation rather than those that include subjective emotions. Drawing on this, this essay will delve into the concept of behaviorism with a focus on learning behavior based on the research findings of Pavlov’s dogs and Skinner’s rats. Essentially, behaviorists deem that people can receive training in order for them to execute various tasks irrespective of their genetic composition or their personalities as long as the conditioning is the right one. In this regard, the two types of conditioning are classical and operant conditioning in which most of the adherents of behaviorism abide by. In essence, operant conditioning is a learning method that involves the inclusion of rewards or punishments depending on the behavior exhibited. On the other hand, classical conditioning is another form of behavioral training method whereby there is a natural response in terms of behavior to the stimulating factor applied (New & Cochran, 2007). The terms used to define the two factors applied in this form of conditioning are conditioned stimulus and response. Based on this school of thought, Russian Psychologist Pavlov applied the conditioned response drawing from the behavior that his dogs portrayed when it came to them salivatin g whether or not their master brought food during his entry into the room that they were in. Through research, Pavlov discovered the salivating behavioral trait that dogs tend to have is not a trainable behavior, meaning that the response is unconditioned indicating food is not the only stimulant that provokes this response. In the course of Pavlov’s research, this psychologist unearthed that dogs salivated or exhibited the same

Managing People And Absence Management Management Essay

Managing People And Absence Management Management Essay INTRODUCTION Managing attendance at work is recognised as being an increasing priority for all employers. Both short term and long term absences have a significant impact upon the efficiency and resources of any company and the management of such absences can have a significant effect on both the company and the individuals who are involved. The focus will be on Coleg Sir Gar and how they deal with absence. One of the key challenges facing organisations is how to manage absence effectively to ensure that those who are genuinely sick are fully supported, and that the small minority whose absence is not health-related is deterred. UK legislation places a duty on employers to safeguard employee health, safety and welfare, in addition to which there are rising expectations among staff of what employers should be providing in terms of working conditions and benefits. Adopting an approach to sickness absence management that is both supportive of the genuinely sick and that acts as a deterrent to the few whose absence is not health-related is difficult to achieve, but a crucial element of successful management practice. While the majority of absence is thought to be genuine and related to ill-health, a number of factors appear to have an impact on absence levels. These include motivation, work levels and morale within teams. Individuals perceive their work as stressful due to factors such as overwork, heavy administrative loads and relationships within their teams. Many individuals who feel valued in their roles are less likely to take sick leave as they appreciate that their contribution is important to their organisation. Other causes of absence include needing to take time off for domestic responsibilities such as childcare. Although most organisation have in place a policy relating to special leave aimed at coping with domestic emergencies, awareness of this leave does not appear to be high. The presence and implementation of a good sickness absence policy is an important first step to managing absence well. Ideally, a policy should be clearly understandable and take into account different causes of absence and develop appropriate ways of dealing with these. It is also vital for an organisation to accept that a certain level of employee absence is an inevitable feature of working life. Appropriate support should be offered to employees who are absent and unable to work for health reasons, and a policy should ideally recognise that employees may sometimes need to be absent for reasons other than health, and that this should not be counted as sickness. MANAGING PEOPLE Absence is very expensive. The CIPD annual survey Absence Management 2009 was based on replies from 642 employers in organisations employing a total of more than 1.9 million employees. The average cost of absence per employee per year was  £692, which is a slight increase from the previous years figure of  £666. The annual cost of absence, as last year, is highest in the public sector, averaging  £784 per employee per year; however, this represents a reduction from the previous years figure of  £906 per employee per year. Manufacturing and production employers recorded the next highest cost at  £754 per employee per year, a slight fall from the figure for the year before of  £759. Absence costs among non-profit organisations also fell slightly to  £698 from  £741 per employee per year. Private services organisations recorded the lowest annual absence costs, averaging  £666 compared with the previous years figure of  £663. For an organisation with 1000 employees, t his is nearly three quarters of a million pounds per year. But direct costs are only a part of the problem. Absence disrupts production, operations, customer service and morale. Organisations have to spend extra money on temporary cover or overtime as a result. And unchecked absence can lead to bad feeling, conflict and disciplinary action, including dismissal. And that can lead to tribunal hearings, and even compensation payments, if organisations are unable to demonstrate that they have acted fairly. Why measure absence? A key element of managing absence effectively is accurate measurement and monitoring. An organisation must assess if it has a problem with absence, its extent and the best way to tackle it. Only 41% of employers monitor the cost of employee absence, a figure which has remained low over the last few years. Employers should collect and use data to identify particular patterns of absence and underlying causes, for example, the management style of a particular manager or an increase in workloads. It can also provide evidence of how absence impacts on the bottom line and why it is worth investing in an effective absence management programme. There are a number of measures that can be used to assess absence, each of which gives information about different aspects of absence. There are two aspects to absence in Coleg Sir Gar: 1. Total time lost 2. How that time is distributed. Total time lost This is the crudest measure and the one used most often. To calculate this, the total number of days that could be worked in the organisation is added. Then the number of days that were lost due to absence are deducted and expressed as a fraction of the total. In a sense, this is the cost of the extra people that the organisation has to employ purely because of absence. For example, an organisation of 1000 people with an absence rate of 3.5 per cent has to employ 35 more people than would otherwise be necessary, just to cover the absence. How that time is distributed Many organisations only measure the total time lost. Yet this figure can describe several quite different problems. In a department of 30 people, an absence rate of 3.5 per cent could result from one person being away for a year with a longà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœterm illness, with no other absence in the department, or it could result from everyone taking small amounts of time off. Or it could result from a few people taking quite long absences. Before you can define the problem, you have to ask: Who is being absent? How often are they being absent? How long are they being absent for? Bradford Factor The Bradford Factor identifies persistent short-term absence for individuals, by measuring the number of spells of absence, and is therefore a useful measure of the disruption caused by this type of absence. It is calculated using the formula: S x S x D S = number of spells of absence in 52 weeks taken by an individual D = number of days of absence in 52 weeks taken by that individual For example: 10 one-day absences: 10 x 10 x 10 = 1,000 1 ten-day absence: 1 x 1 x 10 = 10 5 two-day absences: 5 x 5 x 10 = 250 2 five-day absences: 2 x 2 x 10 = 40 The trigger points will differ between organisations. As for all unauthorised absence, the underlying causes will need to be identified. So should we try to manage absence? After all, if someone is ill, they are ill. The answer is that we should. And there are several reasons for this. Stopping theft of working time. Some people do take unauthorised time off for no reason other than personal gain. These people are stealing. They are stealing from their employer, because they are being paid for work they are not doing, and they are putting unfair extra work on to their colleagues. Stopping this theft of time is a clear moral and legal imperative. Some people take time off because they have a problem. This may be a personal problem, or a problem affecting someone close to them. By investigating the absence, managers can find out about such problems. In many cases, the organisation will then be able to offer support to the employee. In the longer term, this will reduce absence and help the employee. Some people take time off because of stress or unhappiness with work. It is very likely that these problems will be affecting performance generally, quite apart from affecting attendance. Investigating the absence may uncover such problems and enable the manager to address them, resulting in better performance in general and less absence. There must be no question of trying to coerce someone who is genuinely and unavoidably ill into coming to work. But in this case it is still important that the organisation knows the facts and so is able to plan its response accordingly. The sick employee may well suffer unnecessary extra stress and anxiety if he or she is not sure how the organisation views the illness. Directly confronting the illness, and being clear about the organisations attitude to it, will not only help the organisation know what it has to deal with, it can help the employee deal with the illness, too. Confronting and discussing absence not only helps the organisation, it helps the absentee. What causes absence? First, the causes of absence should be looked at to provide insight into the problem and to illustrate the areas where policy has an influence. Research shows that the causes of absence fall into the following four distinct clusters: The general health and lifestyle of employees and its impact on attendance at work has been a popular topic for research. Virtually all studies demonstrate a clear link, for example, between smoking and increased absence. Similarly research shows a strong link with excessive alcohol use and absence. For a proportion of employees there is a strong direct relationship between absence and poor health, but for others nonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ medical factors are equally important. Absence management polices need to discriminate between those who are unavoidably absent due to illness and those whose health is affected by factors over which the employer can have some influence. Employers who are able to support health education programmes which promote healthier lifestyles and actions such as providing healthy meals at work, encouraging exercise and aiding those who wish to give up smoking will all benefit from the improved general health of employees and reduced staff sickness rates. Some aspects of the working environment affect the wellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ being of staff. Research into how work is organised has shown the importance of team working with absence being lower where people work in small collaborative teams. Absence can also be a way of avoiding aspects of work that are emotionally demanding or stressful. The long hours culture also has an adverse impact on absence. A strong link exists between those who consistently work more than their contracted hours and both psychological and physical sickness levels. Management actions such as team working, awareness of health and safety issues and discouraging the working of excessive hours can all help to reduce the adverse impact of these factors. How employees feel about their working lives has been shown to be an important influence on attendance. Research has demonstrated that organisational commitment has a directly beneficial effect on absence and through this to business outcomes. The major influence on the creation of this commitment has been identified as the line manager and the quality of their relationship with their staff. The sensitive handling of change within organisations, often in the hands of line managers, is also essential as various features of the change process are associated with deterioration in employees health. These include uncertainty, lack of control, role ambiguity and job insecurity which can lead directly to reduce physical and mental health. Stress and absence are generally also shown to be related, although in the field of research the definition of stress is problematic and whether it should it be regarded as psychological or as a series of physiological symptoms has not yet been resolved. C areer satisfaction is one of the more powerful predictors of absence behaviour. Absence is higher among those expressing dissatisfaction with their careers. Among those who have marketable skills and are often absent the likelihood of them resigning is high. A link also exists between resigning and attendance behaviour. Those with poor attendance records are more likely to express an intention to leave and there is evidence that those with high absence rates are indeed at a greater risk of leaving. What policies need to contain? Good policies should clearly define the roles and responsibilities of key factors such as line managers, senior managers, the HR function, the occupational health function and the individuals themselves. They should also establish procedures to ensure that each case is treated in the same way and that standardised information on absence is collected. The first step to managing absence effectively is to ensure that you have a clear policy in place that supports your organisations business objectives and culture. Legislation requires employers to provide staff with information on any terms and conditions relating to incapacity for work due to sickness or injury, including any provision for sick pay. Effective absence policies must spell out employees rights and obligations when taking time off from work due to sickness. The policy should: provide details of contractual sick pay terms and its relationship with statutory sick pay outline the process employees must follow if taking time off sick covering when and whom employees should notify if they are not able to attend work include when (after how many days) employees need a self-certificate form contain details of when they require a fit note from their doctor explain that adjustments may be appropriate to assist the employee in returning to work as soon as is practicable mention that the organisation reserves the right to require employees to attend an examination by a company doctor and (with the workers consent) to request a report from the employees doctor include provisions for return-to-work interviews as these have been identified as the most effective intervention to manage short-term absence. Sickness absence policies are put in place to manage sickness absence. Staff are expected to maintain a satisfactory record of attendance. However, the aim is to balance the sensitive nature of individual sickness and ill health against its needs to achieve its objectives. As a caring employer, the aim is to assist employees to retain or regain good health. It is essential that the procedures be carried out with tact and sensitivity and a realisation that the management of attendance is the joint responsibility of the line manager and the individual member of staff. Human Resources (HR) will be available to advise and support line managers and their staff. Employees may be requested to consent to be examined by the occupational doctor or nurse and to agree to allow Occupational Health to provide a medical report. Employees may also refer themselves to Occupational Health. If a member of staff fails to comply with notification or certification procedures or otherwise abuse the procedu res, the disciplinary procedure may be used. The policy and procedure that apply are: This policy and associated procedure incorporate the following principles. Good faith The policy and procedures will be applied to all members of staff in a consistent manner and without discrimination. Fairness Any action taken will be reasonable and necessary.  Ã‚  Members of staff involved are entitled to be heard with courtesy and respect. Confidentiality Information relating to sickness absence will only be shared with individuals who have a need to know. Representation If issues of attendance arise within these procedures and a formal approach is required to deal with them, a member of staff will be entitled to be accompanied by a trade union representative or by a work colleague.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conclusions Recommendations Accepting absence as unavoidable and inevitable in an organisation creates a culture of poor attendance. This highlights the critical role of managers in communicating clearly the organisations expectations on attendance. Without positive action it is possible to have a culture where absence is just accepted as uncontrollable, or in the worst scenario, viewed as entitlement to extra leave. Overall, it is clear that managing absence is complex, and a successful approach must involve a mix of elements that successfully support those that are genuinely ill and deter the small minority of those that are absent for non-health-related reasons. Line managers are key in terms of implementing the policy, but they must be adequately supported by other areas of the organisation, such as senior management, the HR function and the occupational health function. Further, it is important for line managers to achieve the right balance when managing sickness absence, and to learn to tailor their approach appropriately. For example, in terms of the frequency and type of contact with individuals during long-term sickness absence, what is right for some individuals may not work for others, who may want more or less frequent contact? It is therefore up to line managers to find the appropriate balance between what is perceived as intrusion and support. Communicating the objectives of any attendance policy clearly to all staff members is essential. A policy which is to be credible and successful needs to be understood throughout an organisation and applied consistently and fairly. An individuals case of sick absence, depending on length, can require actions from various individuals and services such as the line manager, senior managers, the HR function, the HR Business Partner, Occupational Health Services and the Employee Assistance Provider. For an attendance policy to be effective in practice it is essential that the respective roles of the individuals and services involved in managing cases of absence are defined. This ensures that cases are handled systematically and efficiently. At any point in an absence it should be known who is responsible for each aspect and what outcomes are to be expected. Once the areas of responsibility are defined the procedures to be applied need to be established. This makes certain that each case i s treated the same way, that similar approaches are used and standardised information collected. Word Count excluding references: 3,090